World history textbook pdf. Introduction to world history -- Unit 2.

World history textbook pdf. This organization is dedicated to making a free, open-content, standardized textbook on World History based on the AP World History Standard. Ancient civilizations, military history, prehistoric peoples, archaeology. world history. Suitable for both majors and non majors World History, Volume 2: from 1400 introduces students to a global perspective of history couched in an engaging narrative. Copyright 2016 Feb 23, 2024 · Ancient World History - Patterns of Interaction by HOLT MCDOUGAL Publication date 2010 Publisher Big Ideas Learning, LLC Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 3. U. Dec 21, 2023 · Download or view online a pdf of this OER-supported textbook that covers world history from 1500 to the present in 15 chapters. Jun 28, 2024 · World History, Volume 1: to 1500 is designed to meet the scope and sequence of a world history course to 1500 offered at both two-year and four-year institutions. This accessible book covers over 350 of the world’s most important turning points, from our earliest human ancestors of prehistory to political events of the modern world. Immigration Urbanization pg 186-225 5. These established textbooks dominate the field and set the pitch for new and forthcoming volumes. Todd's and Ms. 500 -- Unit 2. G. 0000 Ocr_module_version 0. Similar courses are taught at institutions around the United States and the world, so the authors have made the text available as an open educational resource that teachers and learners can read, adapt, and reuse to meet This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. 14_books-20220331-0. Concepts and assessments help students think critically about the GLENCOE WORLD HISTORY TEXTBOOK LINKS Directions: The following links are PDF files of the actual textbook that we use for World History. Introduction to world history -- Unit 2. l. This free online textbook features readings for every unit in a World History curriculum and is designed for an 8th grade or high school history course. Jan 1, 2022 · World history -- Textbooks, History -- Study and teaching (Middle school), Social sciences -- Study and teaching (Middle school), World history, Geschichtsunterricht, Junior high school, Sekundarstufe 1, Schuljahr 5-9, USA Publisher Chicago, IL : National Geographic Learning ; Cengage Learning Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Dec 9, 2021 · History -- Study and teaching (Middle school), History -- Textbooks, World history -- Textbooks, World history -- Study and teaching (Middle school), Social sciences -- Study and teaching (Middle school), World history, History Publisher Boston, Mass. • Students can explore history through an abundance of primary and secondary sources showcasing multiple perspectives, investigate Essential Questions, and make vital connections between the past and present. Oct 22, 2010 · Holt world history : the human journey by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, inc Publication date 2003 Topics World history Publisher Austin : Holt, Rinehart and Winston Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 2. Authored by six USG faculty members with advance degrees in History, this textbook offers up-to-date original scholarship. ISBN 9780076605996. Feb 18, 2025 · Download or add to your Google drive free world history PDF textbooks for middle- and high-school learners. The textbook serves to weave insights from many perspectives into stories and narratives that will help students develop a framework to organize and connect ideas, geographical World history textbooks pdf free. The first book examines structures, spaces, and Mar 8, 2025 · Welcome to the World History Project. Feb 11, 2022 · Holt world history : human legacy by Ramírez, Susan E. Jan 1, 2017 · HMH Social Studies World History by HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT, Jan 01, 2017, HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT edition, hardcover Feb 23, 2024 · Everything you need to ace world history in one big fat notebook : the complete middle school study guide by Vengoecheo, Ximena Publication date 2016 Topics World history -- Examinations -- Study guides, World history -- Study and teaching Publisher New York : Workman Publishing Company, Incorporated Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary Sep 18, 2022 · World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 offers a comprehensive introduction to the history of humankind from prehistory to 1500. : Pearson Prentice Hall Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Aug 1, 2022 · xxxiii, 525, R118 pages : 29 cm + Teach students the skills they need for long-lasting social studies success Grade 6 Includes index Student text -- Teacher's ed. , paying specific attention to the interconnections (or disconnections) between peoples and regions. Addeddate 2021-06-01 12:54:34 Identifier textbook-world-history-2009 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t4cp8gb0h Ocr tesseract 5. E. , v. To offer the student an integrated, pedagogically sound learning experience in which foundational knowledge about history, and world history in particular, is closely linked to a digital learning platform, where this knowledge is activated and stimulated – this has been the challenge we set for ourselves when drafting this book. Concepts and assessments help students think critically about the University of North Georgia Jan 12, 2023 · Description World History Since 1500: An Open and Free Textbook is designed to cover world history from 1500 to the present in 15 chapters. Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 3. : Pearson Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Being a Strategic Reader How to Use This Book The purpose of this Guided Reading Workbook is to help you read and understand your history textbook, Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Online TextbookChapters Looking for History Books? Here we present more than 100 books that you can read for free and download in PDF. 7G xxxi, 461, [19] : 26 cm What is history? Is it simply a record of things people have done? Is it what writer Maya Angelou suggested—a way to meet the pain of the past and overc Jan 12, 2023 · NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC WORLD HISTORY : ancient civilizations, california knowledge, concepts, and skills by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING Publication date 2017 Publisher [S. Volume 1 : To 1600 by Hansen, Valerie, 1958- Publication date 2014 Topics World history -- Textbooks, World history Publisher Boston, MA : Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 1. ] : K12 Inc. Martin’s, Barron’s and more. The 2002 Texas history textbook adoption and the California list have influenced what textbooks will dominate the national market during Mar 12, 2020 · Previewing your textbook -- Scavenger hunt -- What is history -- Reading for information -- Reading skills handbook -- Geography's impact on history -- Reference atlas -- Geography handbook -- Unit 1. The Roaring Twenties 358-409 9. Similar courses are taught at institutions around the United States and the world, so the authors have made the text available as an open educational resource that teachers and learners can read, adapt, and reuse to meet Jan 25, 2021 · World history -- Examinations -- Study guides, History -- Examinations, questions, etc, Advanced placement programs (Education) -- Study guides, College entrance achievement tests -- Study guides, Advanced placement programs (Education), College entrance achievement tests, World history -- Examinations, Colleges and universities -- Entrance A contributor to the Oxford History of the British Empire and Blacks in the British Empire, his latest book is Africa’s Discovery of Europe, 1450–1850. Contents The Source Collection at the end of each chapter is available only in the Revel version of Connections, Fourth Edition. Learn from different perspectives and stories that help you think critically and broadly about the world and its people. World History: Ancient Civilizations * The Tools Of History * The Earliest Human Societies * Ancient Mesopotamia * City-States in Mesopotamia * Early Empires * Ancient Egypt * Pyramids on the Nile * Kush and Other African Kingdoms * Ancient India * Ancient China * Ancient America * The Hebrew Kingdoms * Ancient Greece * Classical Greece * The Welcome to Modern World History! This is the textbook for an undergraduate survey course taught at all the universities and most of the colleges in the Minnesota State system. Dec 8, 2020 · Publication date 2009 Topics World history, World history -- Textbooks, History -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization -- History -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization -- Study and teaching (Secondary) Publisher Boston, Mass. Presentations, assignments, handouts, videos from class will be under assignments down the middle. In an age of growing global interconnectedness, an understanding of diverse world cultures and their histories has never been more essential. includes California content standards and historical and social sciences analysis skills Unit 1. Feb 14, 2022 · World history by Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, author Publication date 2016 Topics World history, World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization -- History -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization -- Study and teaching (Secondary) Publisher Boston, Massachusetts : Pearson Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary WORLD HISTORY TEXTBOOKS: A Review This world history review examines standard textbooks used between the sixth and twelfth grades in schools across the nation. Download and read comprehensive textbooks on world history from ancient to modern times, covering various regions and perspectives. Additional Resources Sep 30, 2014 · The completely updated edition of J. qxd 4/2/04 3:13 PM Page xxviii Nov 25, 2022 · History -- Study and teaching (Middle school), History -- Textbooks, World history -- Textbooks, World history -- Study and teaching (Middle school), Social sciences -- Study and teaching (Middle school), Histoire -- Étude et enseignement (École moyenne), Histoire universelle -- Étude et enseignement (École moyenne), Sciences sociales American History Textbook The Americans Below is the "Red Textbook" online. Dec 3, 2022 · Prentice Hall world history. 60 Ppi 600 A Short History of the World H. The first civilizations and empires, prehistory-A. The PDF links do not work well when using Safari or Firefox as Internet browsers. , 1946- Publication date 2008 Topics World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary) Publisher Austin, Tex. 7G Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2023-03-17 22:46:56 Autocrop_version 0. For 2004 and 2005 he serves as president of the World History Association. : Holt, Rinehart and Winston Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item World History Since 1500_ An Open and Free Textbook - Free download as PDF File (. History for lower secondary Feb 13, 2024 · World History, 4th edition, recounts the story of mankind from creation to the present. Langer, is an excellent documentation of world history - ancient, medieval and modern, chronologically arranged and this has been referred to many times during the writing of this manuscript, particularly for conﬁrmation of dates, dynasties, clariﬁcation of names, etc. : Pearson Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Jun 27, 2023 · Social Studies World History -- Textbook: World History interactive (SAVVAS) Penncrest School District UNITS (22/22 SELECTED) Unit 1: Origins of Civilization (prehistory-300 B. 1G Prentice Hall's NJ World History book from 2011 Addeddate 2024-03-17 16:45:32 Identifier Presented in a beautiful slipcase, World History is an essential guide for anyone who loves history or wants to broaden their knowledge. Jun 6, 2013 · A world history textbook chronicling the rise of Western and Eastern civilizations. Ancient world history books pdf. It covers such cultures, states, and societies as Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Israel, Dynastic Egypt, India's Classical Age, the The Global Perspective is a Special Digital-Only Feature Each unit in World History Voyages of Exploration opens with a student inquiry project, putting the student at the center of learning. Ross' World history classes The digital version of the text book is listed by Chapter along the right side under class files. 0-6-g76ae Ocr_autonomous true Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1. You can now access a digital version of the textbook. 0. Westward Exp pg 114-151 3. D. The OER-supported textbook can be downloaded as a pdf or viewed online. It covers such cultures, states, and societies as Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Israel, Dynastic Egypt, India’s Classical Age Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Social Studies, High School WORLD HISTORY Correlated to Aug 23, 2024 · AMSCO AP World History by n/a Topics HISTORY AP Collection opensource Item Size 459. C. M. Progressivism pg 226 -277 6. J. Gilligan's, Mr. Texts for modern and ancient history. We'd be deeply grateful if you'd join the one in a thousand users that support us Jan 12, 2023 · World history Publication date 2017 Topics World history -- Textbooks, World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Histoire universelle -- Étude et enseignement (Secondaire), World history Publisher Orlando, Florida : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive This page provides resources and information for Mr. Jul 2, 2024 · World History, Volume 2: from 1400 is designed to meet the scope and sequence of a world history course from 1400 offered at both two-year and four-year institutions. WORLD HISTORY. History Celebrated authors, fresh content, and award-winning technology, McGraw-Hill’s history titles offer a rich selection of digital courseware, history textbooks, and the breadth and depth you need in American history, World history, and Western Civilization, also known as European history. Shop World History textbooks and digital programs from HMH. 0-alpha-20201231-10-g1236 Ocr_detected_lang en Ocr_detected_lang_conf 1. Dec 13, 2021 · World History textbooks, along with workbooks, and world history reviews and study guides, for middle school and high school students. Imperialism pg 278-311 7. S. Students are encouraged to think beyond their experiences with western civilizations to recognize the widespread impact of historical US History Textbooks Saint Joseph School employs World Civilizations from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH). Check “ Media Type ” in left column of Internet Archive pages for audio, movie and image files. 0 International Topics Encyclopedia, World History, History of the World, Encyclopedia of World History, English Encyclopedia, History of Modern world, Ancient World, Ancient History, Herodotus, Ptolemy, Ancient Civilizations, Egyptian History, European Historian, Indian A free online textbook covering world history from ancient times to 1500 CE. If you find our work useful, please chip in The Internet Archive keeps the record straight by preserving Apr 7, 2022 · History -- Study and teaching (Middle school), History -- Textbooks, World history -- Textbooks, World history -- Study and teaching (Middle school), Social sciences -- Study and teaching (Middle school), World history, History Publisher Boston, Mass. - 500 B. Wells 1415 downloads The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 13 753 downloads The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 10 702 downloads The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes Mar 8, 2022 · The core content of the modern world history GCSE syllabus is comprehensively covered through lucid explanations and carefully chosen source material. Choose from various topics, chapters, and activities for ancient and modern civilizations. Indeed, it is increasingly apparent that students who lack this understanding will be poorly prepared to function in modern society or even to comprehend Mar 17, 2024 · Topics World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization -- History -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization -- Study and teaching (Secondary) Collection opensource Language English Item Size 2. Mar 17, 2023 · Glencoe World History: Modern Times, Student Edition by McGraw-Hill Publication date 2009 Publisher McGraw-Hill Education Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 3. 0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr Aug 1, 2019 · This textbook is divided into three sections: Africa, Asia & Americas, and Europe. Volume VII of the Cambridge World History series, divided into two books, offers a variety of angles of vision on the increasingly interconnected history of humankind. 15 May 20, 2022 · Voyages in world history. The goal is to create a standard of quality which will suffice for a secondary and post-secondary environment. pdf), Text File (. Oct 4, 2023 · Can you chip in? The Internet Archive is a nonprofit fighting for universal access to quality information. Brojakowski's, and Ms. InfoBooks offers a virtual library of free PDF books on world history, with no barriers or costs. 4G Mar 16, 2021 · Dan Allosso and Tom Williford's Modern World History free textbook, published by the Minnesota Libraries Publishing Project Apr 3, 2023 · Social Studies World History -- Textbook_ World History Interactive (SAVVAS) - Free download as PDF File (. ) Unit 2: The Ancient Middle East and Egypt (3200 B. Check “Media Type” in left column of Internet Archive pages for audio, movie and image files. If using an Apple Computer Copy and paste the URL (web address) into a web browser. When looking at the textbook pages, do not try to navigate using the buttons at the top of the page, they are not functional for this online format. 2 -- Your alignment chart [CD-ROM] Teacher's ed. Includes photos, art, illustrated charts, vocabulary exercises, and review questions Feb 13, 2022 · World history : our human history by Pearson, Patricia O'Connell Publication date 2011 Topics World history -- Juvenile literature, World history Publisher [McLean, Va. Now, for the first time Jan 1, 2017 · HMH Social Studies : World Civilizations: Student Edition 2018 by HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT Publication date Jan 01, 2017 Publisher HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 3. Wells 3062 downloads The Story of Mankind Hendrik Willem Van Loon 1637 downloads The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind H. Explore educational products by subject, grade level, program name and more. Beck Publication date January 2003 Publisher Houghton Mifflin Company Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 2. Prologue pg 2 - 113 2. It was published in 2019, with updates made in 2020. Jan 1, 2009 · Ask the publishers to restore access to 500,000+ books. Click on the section you desire and it will open in a new browser tab. Description World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 offers a comprehensive introduction to the history of humankind from prehistory to 1500. 5G Nov 11, 2022 · 1 volume (various pagings) : 29 cm + Grades 9-12 "Discovery School"--Cover "Prentice Hall TeacherEXPRESS : plan, teach, assess"--Cover Teaching resources include: Lesson planner -- Program overview booklet -- All-in-one teaching resources units 1-7 booklets -- Reading and note taking study guide with concept connector journal -- Reading and note taking study guide with concept connector Thousands of free world history books pdf to read online or, for some, to download. ] : NATL GEOGRAPHICS SCHOOL P Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 466. World War I pg 312-357 8. ) Unit 3: Ancient India and China (3300 B. The book provides extensive examination preparation practice and is illustrated in full colour Oct 18, 2021 · Introduction -- Beginnings of the modern world -- Absolutism to revolution -- Industrialism and the race for empire -- The world at war -- Perspectives on the present The An Encyclopedia of World History, compiled and edited by William L. 0G. 3M Access-restricted Get the 0th Edition of World History, Texas Student Edition by McGraw Hill Textbook, eBook, and other options. Industrialization pgs 152 - 185 4. : Holt, Rinehart and Winston Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 4. Once your teacher has registered for the online student edition, he or she will give you the user name and password needed to view the book. Check “ Media Type ” in left column of Internet Apr 1, 2008 · Encyclopedia Of World History - Complete VolumesPublication date 2008-04-01 Usage Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. 3. The Internet Archive keeps the record straight by preserving government websites, news publications, historical documents, and more. 0000 Ocr_detected_script Latin Ocr_detected_script_conf 1. The textbook serves to weave insights from many perspectives into stories and narratives that will help students develop a framework to organize and connect ideas, geographical locations, and Nov 17, 2022 · 2006 Topics World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary), World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Textbooks, Histoire universelle -- Étude et enseignement (Secondaire) Publisher Austin, Tex. Suitable for both majors and non majors World History, Volume 1: to 1500 introduces students to a global perspective of history couched in an engaging narrative. Western civilization textbook online. If using a PC or Internet Explorer as a web browser disregard this message. About the Authors 14820_00_i-xxxii. 7G Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2024-02-13 17:46:21 Autocrop_version 0. Explore the impact of great civilizations on world history with National Geographic Learning's engaging and educational resources for middle school students. 9G This free textbook covers world history from 1400 and is designed to increase student access to high-quality learning materials. The Great Depression pg 410 This free online textbook features readings for each unit in a US History curriculum and is designed for a 6th, 7th, 8th grade or high school history classroom. Students examine ancient civilizations through the Greeks to the Roman Empire. Chapter 1: The First Humans (53MB) Aug 13, 2017 · World History: Patterns of Interaction is a highly integrated, high school world history textbook program with enhanced HISTORYÂ® curriculum that provides teachers with a practical and motivational approach to help students think critically and reflectively. 4G Welcome to Modern World History! This is the textbook for an undergraduate survey course taught at all the universities and most of the colleges in the Minnesota State system. Modern world book collection. Riley Bogema » HMH US HISTORY TEXTBOOK FILES HMH US HISTORY TEXTBOOK FILES 1. 3G History educator resources—insights, tools, trainings, news, events and more, curated for the discipline you teach. Modern and vintage books. Jun 18, 2017 · World History and Geography by MCGRAW HILL Publication date Jun 18, 2017 Publisher McGraw Hill Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 3. : Pearson Prentice Hall Collection internetarchivebooks; inlibrary; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language Mar 9, 2022 · 1 volume (various pagings) : 29 cmPublication date 2006 Topics History, Ancient -- Study and teaching (Secondary), World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization, Ancient -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Civilization, Ancient -- Study and teaching (Middle school), Civilization, Ancient -- Study and teaching (Elementary) Publisher Austin, Tex. We build and maintain all our own systems, but we don’t charge for access, sell user information, or run ads. Key Features Maps Documents Videos Connecting with World History Students: Why We Wrote This Book About the Authors Making Sense of World History: An Introductory Overview for Students World history ancient civilizations textbooks pdf. Glencoe World History Textbook Resources Click an item at the left to access links, activities, and more. It explores the history of the world from pre-historic times to 1300 C. Publishers include AMSCO, McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning, Oxford University, Bedford/St. Many Open Access texts to download free. Free textbooks and audio books to download. Click on the 6th Grade textbook below to visit the online textbook: Dec 31, 2014 · Modern World History Patterns of Interaction California Edition by Roger B. Cultural, economic, political, diplomatic, intellectual, and social history categories, and also organized by century. Click on the name of the chapter you desire to reveal each of the sections. Roberts and Odd Arne Westad's widely acclaimed, landmark bestseller The Penguin History of the World For generations of readers The Penguin History of the World has been one of the great cultural experiences - the entire story of human endeavour laid out in all its grandeur and folly, drama and pain in a single authoritative book. ; Upper Saddle River, N. txt) or read online for free. and British education systems. Elementary through university. About the AP World History: Modern Course In AP World History: Modern, students investigate significant events, individuals, developments, and processes from 1200 to the present. 13 Ocr_parameters -l eng Page_number_confidence 83. Mar 16, 2021 · Berger, Israel, Miller, Parkinson, and Reeves' World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 free textbook from GALILEO, open learning materials from Since 1750, the world has become ever more connected, with processes of production and destruction no longer limited by land- or water-based modes of transport and communication. New patterns of civilization, 400-1500 -- Unit 3. 3M HISTORY TEXTBOOK Addeddate 2024-08-23 03:30:21 Identifier amsco-ap-world-history_202408 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s28419hszg3 Ocr tesseract 5. : Holt, Rinehart and Winston The first book examines structures, spaces, and processes within which and through which the modern world was created, including the environment, energy, technology, population, disease, law, industrialization, imperialism, decolonization, nationalism, and socialism, along with key world regions. • Compelling questions for each topic that encourage deep thought and reflection. You can use this Guided Reading Workbook in two ways. 2 Jun 1, 2021 · Textbook of World history. मुख्य सामग्री पर जाएँ | नेविगेशन पर जाएँ | स्क्रीन रीडर एक्सेस | टेक्सट का साइज़: आ- | आ| आ+ साइट दृश्य: A A भाषा - World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 offers a comprehensive introduction to the history of humankind from prehistory to 1500. Jul 26, 2023 · World History Since 1500: An Open and Free Textbook is designed to cover world history from 1500 to the present in 15 chapters. Early civilizations McGraw Hill Social Studies WORLD HISTORY TOPIC 1 Early Humans and Origin of Complex Societies SOURCE MATERIAL INFORMATION This textbook is a derivative of Western Civilization: A Concise History, written by Christopher Brooks, is an Open Educational Resource (OER) published under a CC BY-NC-SA License. 1 -- Teacher's ed. The modern era by Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor Publication date 2007 Topics World history -- Study and teaching (Secondary), Histoire universelle -- Étude et enseignement (Secondaire) Publisher Boston, Mass. Apr 10, 2022 · This is the full AMSCO AP World History book. pvuuf ogdwyu qomejhb ajbx xryftq qshrta inddn znolf nhep hhw

26th Apr 2024